Bae Ryeom, Landscape, Ink on paper, 90×139cm. MMCA collection
Bae Ryeom
* Source: Multilingual Glossary of Korean Art by Korea Arts Management Service
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Dangu Art Academy
A Seoul-based art institute formed directly after national independence in 1945, by Lee Ungno, Chang Woosoung, Lee Yootae, Bae Ryeom, Kim Youngki, Cho Joonghyun, Jeong Honggeo, Chung Chincheol, and Cho Yongseung. The purpose of this academy was to reduce the Japanese influence on Korean art and to restore cultural legitimacy to traditional painting. The academy closed following a 3rd joint exhibition in 1948. The academy is significant in that it pursued a different and nationally specific perspective on Korean art following independence.
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Eastern painting
Eastern painting (dongyanghwa) refers to the overall body of works created using traditional East Asian materials and methods, in contrast to Western painting. In Korea, Byeon Yeongro’s essay “On Eastern Painting” published in Dong-A Ilbo on 7th, July, 1920 was the first use of the term. The term then began to be used in Japan first to distinguish Oriental style paintings from Western ones. Until the late Joseon era, both calligraphy and painting were categorized under the term seohwa, but during the Japanese occupation of Korea in 1922, the first Joseon Art Exhibition [Joseon misul jeollamhoe] divided the painting section into Western and Eastern styles. Thereafter, the term Eastern-style painting entered official use in the country. After independence, the National Art Exhibition (Gukjeon) continued to use the term “Eastern painting,” but since 1970, numerous arguments were made to replace it with "Korean painting," because the term was imposed unilaterally during the Japanese colonial era.
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National Art Exhibition
A government-hosted exhibition held 30 times from 1949 to 1981, also known by the shorter name Gukjeon. Following national independence, the exhibition was the primary means for young and emergent Korean artists to achieve recognition. The influence of the exhibition declined as a result of the emergence of non-figurative art during the 1970s, the increased opportunities for artists to participate in overseas exhibitions, and the rise of private exhibitions and galleries.
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Lee Sangbeom
Lee Sangbeom (1897-1972, pen name Cheongjeon) learned painting from An Jungsik and Cho Seokjin at the Calligraphy and Painting Society [Seohwa misulhoe] and graduated in 1918. He became a member of the Calligraphy and Painting Association [Seohwa hyeophoe] founded in 1918 and submitted his work to the first Joseon Art Exhibition [Joseon misul jeollamhoe] in 1922. He repeatedly won special prizes and was appointed as a Noteworthy Artist and Participating Artist of Eastern painting in the Joseon Art Exhibition. In 1920, he participated in the Changdeokgung Palace mural project and created the work Samseongwanpado. He founded the Cheongjeon Art Studio to educate art students in 1933 and gained notoriety by contributing illustrations to serialized pro-Japanese newspaper novels. After independence, he was accused of being pro-Japanese, but continued to focus on his art nonetheless, becoming an important figure in art circles. In the 1950s, he created his own original ‘Cheongjeon’ style. This Korean-style landscape ink wash painting was based on real Korean scenery and represented what many consider as the essential aesthetics of Korean landscape painting. While he consistently participated in the National Art Exhibition (Gukjeon), he never hosted a solo exhibition of his own, and in terms of his teaching in the post-independence period he taught as an art professor at Hongik University.
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The National Academy of Arts, Republic of Korea
An organization established in July 1954 to support artists who have been recognized as making a significant contribution to the arts at a national level. The organization is also responsible for advising the government on policies for the advancement of the arts, supporting the creative endeavors of artists in general, engaging in international exchanges and exhibitions, and hosting events. The academy has four divisions: literature, art, music, and performing arts/film/dance. The current membership numbers at 100.
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Kim Youngki
Kim Youngki (1911-2003, pen name Cheonggang), the son of Kim Kyujin (pen name Haegang), learned calligraphy and painting at an early age, traveled to Beijing, China, and studied under Qi Baishi, the master of modern Chinese painting. He employed various painting styles ranging from bird-and-flower painting and the Four Gentlemen painting in the literati style influenced by his father and Qi Baishi to landscape and flowering plant painting in the polychrome style through the impact of Japanese painting. After Korea’s independence, Kim led the formation of Dangu Art Academy [Dangu misulwon] and sought Eastern painting and departed from Japanese painting by producing landscape paintings in the style of light colors. During the Korean War, he stayed in Gyeongju and studied the history and culture of the Silla Kingdom (CE676–935) while creating abstract paintings on the theme of Silla historical artifacts to search for the modernization of Eastern painting. In 1957, he founded the Paek Yang Painting Association along with Kim Kichang, Park Rehyun, Kim Junghyun, and others. He also contributed to overseas exchanges of Korean art by holding traveling exhibitions in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan. In the 1960s, he developed “literalized art,” a form of abstracted calligraphy, under the influence of Art Informel. In the 1980s, he tried a new change with “Navy Blue Landscape,” which gave expression to a scenic spot in Korea, mainly using navy blue. Kim Youngki actively engaged in studying art theory and art criticism and published several books, including Joseon misulsa (History of Korean Art, 1947), Silla munhwawa Gyeongju gojeok (Silla Culture and Gyeongju Historical Remains, 1953), Dongyang misulsa (History of Eastern Art, 1971), and Dongyang misullon (Theory of Eastern Art, 1980). He was the first to advocate for the use of the term “Korean painting” instead of “Eastern painting.” In 1955, he held his solo exhibition entitled Contemporary Korean Paintings by Cheonggang Kim Youngki.
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